A-Comprehensive-History-of-the-Kalabari-Kingdom-(Part
A Comprehensive History of the Kalabari Kingdom (Part 1)
Introduction
The Kalabari Kingdom, also known as Elem Kalabari or New Calabar, is an esteemed traditional state located within the Niger River Delta in Rivers State, Nigeria. This kingdom represents the cultural and historical legacy of the Kalabari people, an Ijaw ethnic group. Founded by the illustrious Amachree I, the kingdom has been under the stewardship of the Amachree dynasty, currently headed by King Amachree XI, Professor Theophilus Princewill CFR. Governed through a traditional system reminiscent of a royal court, the Kalabari Kingdom maintains its cultural and administrative heritage in the modern era.
People and Customs
The origins of the Kalabari people are subject to various traditions. One account suggests that they migrated from Calabar, now inhabited by the Efik people, a narrative that might be a 19th-century construct. The Efik themselves claim that Europeans named their town Calabar. Another tradition posits that Ijo settlers from Amafo, on the west bank of the New Calabar River, founded Kalabari and were later joined by settlers from other areas. The Kalabari settled on several islands amid the delta's mangrove swamps, engaging primarily in fishing and trading.
In the 15th century, European traders observed that the Kalabari were unique among delta peoples for refusing to trade on credit. Initially worshipping the goddess Owemenakaso, regarded as the mother of all Kalabari deities, the people of Elem Kalabari revered her as an advocate of peace. This peaceful disposition earned them the moniker "Englishmen" from their neighbors, reflecting their civilized and non-violent nature.
Historical Development
Early History and Slave Trade
King Owerri Daba is credited with introducing the slave trade to Kalabari and Bonny, founding influential houses such as Duke Monmouth and Duke Africa. By 1699, the Kalabari had become a significant hub in the Atlantic slave trade, dealing primarily in slaves acquired from Igboland to the north. The ascension of Amachree I around 1800 marked the beginning of the Amachree dynasty. During his reign, major trading houses expanded their influence, and the Kalabari Kingdom found itself entangled in regional power struggles.
Conflict and Diplomacy
Throughout the 19th century, the Kalabari engaged in conflicts with neighboring kingdoms, notably the Nembe Kingdom to the west, the Kingdom of Bonny to the southeast, and Okrika to the northeast. The rivalry with Okrika was particularly significant due to Okrika's potential to obstruct Kalabari's access to the interior. Despite their refusal to extend their trading route to Bonny, preferring Elem Ifoko, Kalabari maintained substantial trade relations with European merchants.
In July 1863, tensions with the Nembe people of Brass escalated into conflict, resulting in a decisive victory for Nembe. By December 1865, Okrika had begun ambushing Kalabari trading canoes, with Bonny threatening to join the hostilities due to Kalabari's territorial blockade. The British consul's intervention prevented further escalation. The establishment of the state of Opobo by Jubo Jubogha ("Ja-Ja") in 1869 created an ally for Kalabari, intensifying Bonny's efforts to reclaim lost trade.
Treaties and Internal Struggles
A perpetual treaty of peace was signed between Kalabari and Bonny in 1873, coinciding with an internal treaty between rival Kalabari factions. However, these treaties were not upheld, leading to further British consular intervention in 1882. From 1882 to 1884, internal power struggles continued, culminating in the victory of the Amakiri faction over the Barboy or Will Braide group. This resulted in significant migrations, with the victors relocating to Buguma and Abonnema, attracting European traders to these new settlements.
Governance Structure
The traditional governance of the Kalabari Kingdom evolved into a council of powerful chiefs and royal princes, presided over by the King. This structure mirrors the administrative frameworks of royal courts, ensuring the continuity of the Kalabari's cultural heritage and political systems.
Rulers of the Kalabari Kingdom
Independent State Era
- Amachree I (1770-1790): The founder of the Amachree dynasty, whose leadership marked the beginning of Kalabari's significant expansion.
- Amachree II (1790-1863): Continued the policies and expansion efforts of his predecessor.
- Amachree III (April 1863-1900): His reign saw significant conflicts and the eventual signing of peace treaties.
- Amachree IV (Abbe Princewill) (April 1863-1900): Oversaw the internal consolidation and migration to new settlements.
Protectorate and Nigerian Federation Era
- Amachree V (Charlie Keini) (1900-1918): Led during the transition to British protectorate status.
- Amachree VI (Willie Keini) (1919-1927): His reign was marked by the continued adaptation to colonial influences.
- Amachree VII (Obenibo J.T. Princewill) (1927-1960): Guided the kingdom through the period leading up to Nigeria's independence.
- Amachree VIII (Frederick Princewill) (1960-1973): Witnessed the early years of Nigeria's independence.
- Amachree IX (Cottone Keini) (1973-1975): His short reign was followed by significant political changes.
- Amachree X (Abbiye Suku) (1975-1998): Led the kingdom through the late 20th century, a period of considerable transformation.
- Amachree XI (Theophilus J.T. Princewill) (2002-Present): Current ruler, overseeing the kingdom's modern integration and preservation of heritage.
Cultural and Historical Significance
The Kalabari Kingdom holds a prominent place in the cultural and historical landscape of Nigeria. Its strategic location in the Niger Delta facilitated its role as a major trading hub, impacting the region's economic and social dynamics. The kingdom's interactions with European traders, its involvement in the Atlantic slave trade, and its conflicts and alliances with neighboring states highlight its complex history.
The reverence for Owemenakaso, the mother of all Kalabari deities, underscores the spiritual and cultural values of the Kalabari people. This goddess's opposition to war and bloodshed reflects the kingdom's traditional emphasis on peace and diplomacy. The Kalabari's characterization as "Englishmen" by their neighbors further illustrates their distinctive cultural identity.
Conclusion
The history of the Kalabari Kingdom is a testament to its resilience and adaptability. From its early days of trade and conflict to its current status as a traditional state within modern Nigeria, the kingdom has navigated numerous challenges and transformations. The legacy of the Amachree dynasty, the intricate governance structures, and the rich cultural heritage of the Kalabari people continue to shape the kingdom's identity and influence.
As the Kalabari Kingdom moves forward under the leadership of King Amachree XI and his Council of Chiefs, it remains a vital custodian of the historical and cultural traditions of the Kalabari people. The kingdom's story is not just a chapter in Nigerian history but a reflection of the broader narratives of resilience, cultural preservation, and adaptation in the face of changing times
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